The Holy Spirit

The identity and nature of the Holy Spirit have been subjects of theological discussion for centuries. While the traditional Trinity doctrine describes the Holy Spirit as a distinct, co-equal divine person within the Godhead, other perspectives suggest the Spirit is the direct presence and active power of God the Father. Understanding how the Bible describes the Holy Spirit is essential for understanding the relationship between God and humanity. This article examines the biblical evidence surrounding the Holy Spirit's identity to explore whether the Spirit is a separate divine entity, the presence of the Father, or Jesus Christ Himself.

Facts About the Holy Spirit

There Can Only Be One Holy Spirit

Paul understood there is only one Holy Spirit:

  • Now there are varieties of gifts, but the same Spirit
  • and there are varieties of service, but the same Lord;
  • and there are varieties of activities, but it is the same God who empowers them all in everyone.

1 Corinthians 12:4-6 (ESV)

For in one Spirit we were all baptized into one body (Jews or Greeks, slaves or free) and all were made to drink of one Spirit. — 1 Corinthians 12:13 (ESV)

There is

  • one body and one Spirit (just as you were called to the one hope that belongs to your call)
  • one Lord,
  • one faith,
  • one baptism,
  • one God and Father of all, who is over all and through all and in all.

Ephesians 4:4-6 (ESV)

For through him (Christ) we both have access in one Spirit to the Father. — Ephesians 2:18 (ESV)

Was Active Before Jesus Ascended

In Noah's Days

And the LORD said, "My Spirit shall not strive with man forever, for he is indeed flesh; yet his days shall be one hundred and twenty years." — Genesis 6:3 (NKJV)

In Moses' Days

Where is He who put His Holy Spirit within them, Who led them by the right hand of Moses, with His glorious arm, dividing the water before them to make for Himself an everlasting name, Who led them through the deep, as a horse in the wilderness, that they might not stumble? — Isaiah 63:11-13 (NKJV)

In David's Days

And as Jesus taught in the temple, he said, "How can the scribes say that the Christ is the son of David? David himself, in the Holy Spirit, declared, 'The Lord said to my Lord, "Sit at my right hand, until I put your enemies under your feet."' " — Mark 12:35-36 (ESV)

In Ezekiel's Days

"And I will put My Spirit within you, and cause you to walk in My statutes and be careful to obey My rules." — Ezekiel 36:27 (ESV)

In Daniel's Days

But at last Daniel came before me (his name is Belteshazzar, according to the name of my god; in him is the Spirit of the Holy God), and I told the dream before him, saying: “Belteshazzar, chief of the magicians, because I know that the Spirit of the Holy God is in you, and no secret troubles you, explain to me the visions of my dream that I have seen, and its interpretation.” — Daniel 4:8-9 (NKJV)

"This dream I, King Nebuchadnezzar, have seen. Now you, Belteshazzar, declare its interpretation, since all the wise men of my kingdom are not able to make known to me the interpretation; but you are able, for the Spirit of the Holy God is in you." — Daniel 4:18 (NKJV)

In Zechariah's Days

And his father Zechariah was filled with the Holy Spirit and prophesied, saying, "Blessed be the Lord God of Israel, for He has visited and redeemed His people." — Luke 1:67-68 (ESV)

While Jesus Was on Earth

When Jesus came into the region of Caesarea Philippi, he asked his disciples, saying, "Who do men say that I, the Son of Man, am?" So they said, "Some say John the Baptist, some Elijah, and others Jeremiah or one of the prophets." He said to them, "But who do you say that I am?" Simon Peter answered and said, "You are the Christ, the Son of the living God." Jesus answered and said to him, "Blessed are you, Simon Bar-Jonah, for flesh and blood has not revealed this to you, but my Father who is in heaven. And I also say to you that you are Peter, and on this rock I will build My church, and the gates of Hades shall not prevail against it. And I will give you the keys of the kingdom of heaven, and whatever you bind on earth will be bound in heaven, and whatever you loose on earth will be loosed in heaven.

Matthew 16:13-19 (NKJV)

What the Holy Spirit Is Not

The Holy Spirit Cannot Be a Unity of Believers

I therefore, a prisoner for the Lord, urge you to walk in a manner worthy of the calling to which you have been called, with all humility and gentleness, with patience, bearing with one another in love, eager to maintain the unity of the Spirit in the bond of peace. There is one body and one Spirit — just as you were called to the one hope that belongs to your call. — Ephesians 4:1-4 (ESV)

Some suggest that "one spirit" could mean a unity of members performing as "one". This is because in the same passage, Paul also refers to "one body", which he explains elsewhere:

For as in one body we have many members, and the members do not all have the same function, so we, though many, are one body in Christ, and individually members one of another. — Romans 12:4-5 (ESV)

Because there is one bread, we who are many are one body, for we all partake of the one bread. — 1 Corinthians 10:17 (ESV)

However, Paul more likely meant the "unity of the Spirit" is the fellowship that the unified body of believers has with God's single, divine Spirit. The scriptures do not support the concept that believers are members of one spirit. Furthermore, believers (even when united) cannot:

  • Create life (Job 33:4)
  • Be the father of the Son of God (Matthew 1:18)
  • Proceed from the Father, as the Spirit does (John 15:26; Luke 24:49)
  • Talk authoritatively on behalf of God (Hebrews 3:7-12)

The Holy Spirit Cannot Be an Angel

And he said to him, “Truly, truly, I say to you (plural), you will see heaven opened, and the angels of God ascending and descending on the Son of Man.” — John 1:51 (ESV)

And when Jesus was baptized, immediately he went up from the water, and behold, the heavens were opened to him, and he saw the Spirit of God descending like a dove and coming to rest on him. — Matthew 3:16 (ESV)

Now when all the people were baptized, and when Jesus also had been baptized and was praying, the heavens were opened, and the Holy Spirit descended on him in bodily form, like a dove. — Luke 3:21-22 (ESV)

Some readers might associate the descent of the Spirit like a dove (Matthew 3:16; Luke 3:22) with the angels ascending and descending upon the Son of Man (John 1:51). However, the Holy Spirit descending in the form of a dove is distinct from angelic visitations. Unlike angels, who are created spiritual messengers with localized presence, the Holy Spirit possesses attributes unique to God.

The Holy Spirit is omnipresent:

Where shall I go from your Spirit?

Or where shall I flee from your presence?
If I ascend to heaven, you are there!
If I make my bed in Sheol, you are there!
If I take the wings of the morning dwell in the uttermost parts of the sea, even there your hand shall lead me, and your right hand shall hold me.
If I say, "Surely the darkness shall cover me, and the light about me be night," even the darkness is not dark to you; the night is bright as the day, for darkness is as light with you.

Psalm 139:7-12 (ESV)

But the angels are not omnipresent:

Then he said to me, "Fear not, Daniel, for from the first day that you set your heart to understand and humbled yourself before your God, your words have been heard, and I have come because of your words. The prince of the kingdom of Persia withstood me twenty-one days, but Michael, one of the chief princes, came to help me, for I was left there with the kings of Persia, and came to make you understand what is to happen to your people in the latter days. — Daniel 10:12-14 (ESV)

The Holy Spirit Cannot Be a Separate Agent of God

When his mother Mary had been betrothed to Joseph, before they came together she was found to be with child from the Holy Spirit. — Matthew 1:18 (ESV)

If the Holy Spirit were a separate agent from the Father, several theological issues would arise:

  • Jesus would be the son of the Holy Spirit rather than the Son of God, since she was with child by the Holy Spirit. Yet the scriptures consistently identify Jesus as the Son of God the Father (Matthew 3:16-17; Luke 3:21; John 1:51).
  • Jesus would have prayed to or addressed the Holy Spirit. However, throughout the Gospels, Jesus prays exclusively to the Father and instructs His disciples to do the same (Matthew 6:9; John 17).

Now the Lord is the Spirit, and where the Spirit of the Lord is, there is freedom. — 2 Corinthians 3:17 (ESV)

Although the English translation is unclear which "Lord" Paul was referring to, what is clear is that the Spirit is not a separate entity on its own.

The Holy Spirit Cannot Be Jesus Himself

The view that Jesus and the Spirit are the same has been labeled 'Modalism' by church historians. However, this claim should be evaluated based on Scripture.

Could the Holy Spirit Be Jesus Himself?

Both Know the Father

All things have been handed over to me by my Father, and no one knows the Son except the Father, and no one knows the Father except the Son and anyone to whom the Son chooses to reveal Him. — Matthew 11:27 (ESV)

... these things God has revealed to us through the Spirit. For the Spirit searches everything, even the depths of God. For who knows a person’s thoughts except the spirit of that person, which is in him? So also no one comprehends the thoughts of God except the Spirit of God. Now we have received not the spirit of the world, but the Spirit who is from God, that we might understand the things freely given us by God. — 1 Corinthians 2:10-12 (ESV)

A possible explanation is that the Spirit is God's Spirit who is part of Himself. In this view, God knows Himself and His own thoughts. The Son also knows God because the Spirit reveals God's will to Him.

Both Guard Against the Desires of the Flesh

But put on the Lord Jesus Christ, and make no provision for the flesh, to gratify its desires. — Romans 13:14 (ESV)

For as many of you as were baptized into Christ have put on Christ. — Galatians 3:27 (ESV)

But I say, walk by the Spirit, and you will not gratify the desires of the flesh. — Galatians 5:16 (ESV)

Paul used metaphors to illustrate this:

The night is far gone; the day is at hand. So then let us cast off the works of darkness and put on the armor of light. — Romans 13:12 (ESV)

The Scripture imprisoned everything under sin, so that the promise by faith in Jesus Christ might be given to those who believe. — Galatians 3:22 (ESV)

The "armor" represents the teachings, examples, and testimony of the Lord Jesus Christ. Sometimes Paul uses the "armor of God" interchangeably with the "armor of light" or "Christ", meaning that the teachings of Christ protect believers like armor against doubt, confusion, and guilt. In these contexts, the teachings of Christ motivate believers to avoid sin, described as "the desires of the flesh." Therefore, to "put on Christ" means to base one's actions, beliefs, and hope on the teachings of Christ.

Both Lead Believers in Spirit

The term "Spirit of Jesus" or "Spirit of Christ" is used interchangeably with the "Holy Spirit" in many scriptures (Acts 16:7; Romans 8:9; Galatians 4:6; Philippians 1:19; 1 Peter 1:11).

Note that the authors wrote "the Spirit of Jesus" or "the Spirit of Christ" rather than "Jesus' Spirit." This phrasing could indicate the same Spirit that previously enabled and led Jesus, or the Spirit that Jesus gave to His disciples. This explains why the disciples could perform the same miracles as Jesus.

Some commentators suggest that verses like 2 Corinthians 3:17 ("Now the Lord is the Spirit") and 1 Corinthians 15:45 ("the last Adam became a life-giving spirit") identify Jesus directly with the Spirit. However, other scholars argue that these passages describe a unity of function and ministry rather than personal identity. In this view, Christ acts through the Spirit to give life and freedom to believers, while remaining distinct in person from the Spirit that anointed Him.

Jesus Would Not Send His Own Spirit to Himself or Anoint Himself

Luke 4:17 (NKJV) states:

And He was handed the book of the prophet Isaiah. And when He had opened the book, He found the place where it was written: — Luke 4:17 (NKJV)

Then Jesus quoted Isaiah 61:1-2:

“The Spirit of the Lord GOD is upon Me, because the LORD has anointed Me to preach good tidings to the poor; He has sent Me to heal the brokenhearted, to proclaim liberty to the captives, and the opening of the prison to those who are bound; To proclaim the acceptable year of the LORD...” — Isaiah 61:1-2 (NKJV)

In Luke 4:17 (NKJV) we read:

And he (Jesus) was handed the book of the prophet Isaiah. And when he had opened the book, he found the place where it was written:

Then Jesus quote Isaiah 61:1-2 which are incorrectly quoted in many modern English bibles. A more accurate quote directly from the book of Isaiah 61:1-2 itself reads:

“The Spirit of the Lord God is upon me, because the LORD (YHVH) has anointed me to preach good tidings to the poor; He has sent me to heal the brokenhearted, to proclaim liberty to the captives, and the opening of the prison to those who are bound; To proclaim the acceptable year of the Lord.”

Then he (Jesus) closed the book, and gave it back to the attendant and sat down. And the eyes of all who were in the synagogue were fixed on Him. And He began to say to them, “Today this Scripture is fulfilled in your hearing.” — Luke 4:17-21 (NKJV)

Here Jesus announced that this prophecy had been fulfilled in their presence, meaning that Isaiah 61 was referring to Him.

If Jesus were the Lord God (YHVH) of the Old Testament, He would have been sending His own spirit to Himself and anointing Himself to preach, heal, and proclaim. Instead, the passage describes one person (the LORD God) anointing and sending another (the Messiah).

The Holy Spirit Cannot Be Taught

Who has measured the Spirit of the LORD, or what man shows him his counsel? — Isaiah 40:13 (ESV)

And Jesus increased in wisdom and in stature and in favor with God and man. — Luke 2:52 (ESV)

The Holy Spirit Led Jesus

And Jesus, full of the Holy Spirit, returned from the Jordan and was led by the Spirit in the wilderness for forty days, being tempted by the devil. — Luke 4:1-2 (ESV); Matthew 4:1; Mark 1:12

If Jesus and the Holy Spirit were the same entity, it would imply that Jesus was leading Himself.

The Holy Spirit Was Active While Jesus Was on Earth

No one has ever seen God; if we love one another, God abides in us and His love is perfected in us. By this we know that we abide in Him and He in us, because He has given us of His Spirit. And we have seen and testify that the Father has sent His Son to be the Savior of the world. Whoever confesses that Jesus is the Son of God, God abides in him, and he in God. So we have come to know and to believe the love that God has for us. God is love, and whoever abides in love abides in God, and God abides in him. — 1 John 4:12-16 (ESV)

When Jesus came into the region of Caesarea Philippi, he asked his disciples, saying,
"Who do men say that I, the Son of Man, am?"
So they said, "Some say John the Baptist, some Elijah, and others Jeremiah or one of the prophets."
He said to them, "But who do you say that I am?"
Simon Peter answered and said, "You are the Christ, the Son of the living God."
Jesus answered and said to him, "Blessed are you, Simon Bar-Jonah, for flesh and blood has not revealed this to you, but my Father who is in heaven. And I also say to you that you are Peter, and on this rock I will build My church, and the gates of Hades shall not prevail against it. And I will give you the keys of the kingdom of heaven, and whatever you bind on earth will be bound in heaven, and whatever you loose on earth will be loosed in heaven.

Matthew 16:13-19 (NKJV)

This implies that the Father's spirit was already active in Peter before Jesus ascended.

There Are Different Consequences to Speak Against Them

And whoever speaks a word against the Son of Man will be forgiven,
but whoever speaks against the Holy Spirit will not be forgiven, either in this age or in the age to come. — Matthew 12:32; Mark 3:29 (ESV)

Jesus Did Not Raise Himself From the Dead

If the Spirit of Him who raised Jesus from the dead dwells in you, He who raised Christ Jesus from the dead will also give life to your mortal bodies through His Spirit who dwells in you. — Romans 8:11 (ESV)

Jesus Is With the Father

In my Father's house are many rooms. If it were not so, would I have told you that I go to prepare a place for you? And if I go and prepare a place for you, I will come again and will take you to myself, that where I am you may be also. And you know the way to where I am going. — John 14:2-4 (ESV)

"I have said these things to you in figures of speech. The hour is coming when I will no longer speak to you in figures of speech but will tell you plainly about the Father. In that day you will ask in my name, and I do not say to you that I will ask the Father on your behalf; for the Father himself loves you, because you have loved me and have believed that I came from God. I came from the Father and have come into the world, and now I am leaving the world and going to the Father." — John 16:25-28 (ESV)

Jesus Is Referred Separately From the Holy Spirit

By Jesus Himself

Whatever you ask in my name, this I will do, that the Father may be glorified in the Son. If you ask me anything in my name, I will do it. If you love me, you will keep my commandments.

And I will ask the Father, and he will give you another Helper, to be with you forever, even the Spirit of truth, whom the world cannot receive, because it neither sees him nor knows him. You know him, for he dwells with you and will be in you.

John 14:13-17 (ESV)

Jesus states here that the Holy Spirit is another Helper and not Himself.

By Isaiah

Behold my servant, whom I uphold, my chosen, in whom my soul delights; I have put My Spirit upon him; he will bring forth justice to the nations — Isaiah 42:1 (ESV)

I will mention the lovingkindnesses of the LORD (YHVH) and the praises of the LORD, according to all that the LORD has bestowed on us, and the great goodness toward the house of Israel, which He has bestowed on them according to His mercies, according to the multitude of His lovingkindnesses.

For He said, “Surely they are My people, Children who will not lie.”

So He became their Savior. In all their affliction He was afflicted, and the Angel of His Presence saved them. In His love and in His pity He redeemed them; And He bore them and carried them. All the days of old.

But they rebelled and grieved His Holy Spirit;

So He turned Himself against them as an enemy, and He fought against them.

Then he remembered the days of old, Moses and his people, saying:

“Where is He who brought them up out of the sea with the shepherd of His flock? Where is He who put His Holy Spirit within them, Who led them by the right hand of Moses, with His glorious arm, dividing the water before them to make for Himself an everlasting name, Who led them through the deep, as a horse in the wilderness, that they might not stumble?”

As a beast goes down into the valley, and the Spirit of the LORD (YHVH) causes him to rest, so You lead Your people, to make Yourself a glorious name.

Isaiah 63:7-14 (NKJV)

Here Isaiah states that the LORD (YHVH) "brought them out of the sea" and in the next sentence "His Holy Spirit" led them through the sea, which implies that the Holy Spirit is the aspect of the LORD that interacts with His creation.

By Paul

I do not cease to give thanks for you, remembering you in my prayers, that the God of our Lord Jesus Christ, the Father of glory, may give you the Spirit of wisdom and of revelation in the knowledge of him. — Ephesians 1:16-17 (ESV)

I appeal to you, brothers, by our Lord Jesus Christ and by the love of the Spirit... — Romans 15:30 (ESV)

The grace of the Lord Jesus Christ and the love of God and the fellowship of the Holy Spirit be with you all. — 2 Corinthians 13:14 (ESV)

The Holy Spirit Is Good

Jesus said:

"Why do you call me good? No one is good except God alone." — Mark 10:18 (ESV)

Jesus may have been referring to scriptures like Psalm 118:

Oh, give thanks to the LORD (YHVH), for He is good! For His mercy endures forever. — Psalm 118:1 (NKJV)

However, King David also wrote:

Let your good Spirit lead me on level ground! — Psalm 143:10 (ESV)

And Nehemiah wrote:

You gave your good Spirit to instruct them... — Nehemiah 9:20 (ESV)

The Holy Spirit Is God

How God Introduces His Spirit

  • ...
  • And that I am the LORD your God, and none else,
  • And my people shall never be ashamed,
  • And it shall come to pass afterward, that I will pour out My Spirit upon all flesh;
    • And your sons and your daughters shall prophesy,
    • Your old men shall dream dreams,
    • Your young men shall see visions.
  • And also upon the servants and upon the handmaids in those days will I pour out My Spirit.
  • ...

Joel 2:27-29 (KJV), Acts 2:17

The Holy Spirit Is the Source of Life

Both God, the LORD, and the Spirit of God created and gave life:

Thus says God, the LORD, Who created the heavens and stretched them out, Who spread out the earth and what comes from it, Who gives breath to the people on it and spirit to those who walk in it... — Isaiah 42:5 (ESV)

The Spirit of God has made me, and the breath (spirit) of the Almighty gives me life. — Job 33:4 (ESV)

When you send forth your Spirit, they are created, and you renew the face of the ground. — Psalm 104:30 (ESV)

The Holy Spirit Made Mary Pregnant

If the Holy Spirit were anyone or anything else, then Jesus' father would not be the LORD God.

When his mother Mary had been betrothed to Joseph, before they came together she was found to be with child from the Holy Spirit. — Matthew 1:18 (ESV)

And the angel answered and said unto her, The Holy Ghost shall come upon thee, and the power of the Highest shall overshadow thee: therefore also that holy thing which shall be born of thee shall be called the Son of God. — Luke 1:35 (KJV)

God Put His Spirit on Jesus

Yet He warned them not to make him known, that it might be fulfilled which was spoken by Isaiah the prophet, saying:

"Behold! My Servant whom I have chosen, My Beloved in whom My soul is well pleased! I will put My Spirit upon him"

Isaiah 42:1

Matthew 12:16-18 (NKJV)

Jesus Taught the Holy Spirit Comes From the Father

These twelve Jesus sent out, instructing them... For it is not you who speak, but the Spirit of your Father speaking through you. — Matthew 10:5,20 (ESV)

“But when the Helper comes, whom I will send to you from the Father, the Spirit of truth, who proceeds from the Father (originates from the Father), he will bear witness about me. — John 15:26 (ESV)

And behold, I am sending the promise of my Father upon you. — Luke 24:49 (ESV)

Peter Implied the Holy Spirit Is God

But Peter said, “Ananias, why has Satan filled your heart to lie to the Holy Spirit and to keep back for yourself part of the proceeds of the land? While it remained unsold, did it not remain your own? And after it was sold, was it not at your disposal? Why is it that you have contrived this deed in your heart? You have not lied to man but to God.” — Acts 5:3-4 (ESV)

The Holy Spirit Talks on Behalf of God

Therefore, as the Holy Spirit says,

“Today, if you hear his voice, do not harden your hearts as in the rebellion, on the day of testing in the wilderness, where your fathers put me to the test and saw my works for forty years. Therefore I was provoked with that generation, and said, ‘They always go astray in their heart; they have not known my ways.’ As I swore in my wrath, ‘They shall not enter my rest.’ ” (Psalm 95:7-11)

Take care, brothers, lest there be in any of you an evil, unbelieving heart, leading you to fall away from the living God.

Hebrews 3:7-12 (ESV)

The Holy Spirit was right in saying to your fathers through Isaiah the prophet: “Go to this people, and say, ‘You will indeed hear but never understand, and you will indeed see but never perceive.’ For this people's heart has grown dull...” — Acts 28:25-27 (ESV)

This New Testament passage quotes Isaiah 6:8-10, where the speaker is explicitly identified as the LORD (YHVH) of hosts.

Only a Person's Spirit Knows Their Own Thoughts

For the Spirit searches everything, even the depths of God. For who knows a person’s thoughts except the spirit of that person, which is in him? So also no one comprehends the thoughts of God except the Spirit of God.

Now we have received not the spirit of the world, but the Spirit who is from God, that we might understand the things freely given us by God. And we impart this in words not taught by human wisdom but taught by the Spirit, interpreting spiritual truths to those who are spiritual. The natural person does not accept the things of the Spirit of God, for they are folly to him, and he is not able to understand them because they are spiritually discerned.

The spiritual person judges all things, but is himself to be judged by no one.

“For who has understood the mind of the LORD (Isaiah 40:13) so as to instruct him?”

1 Corinthians 2:11-16 (ESV)

Both God and the Holy Spirit Are Our Comforters

Blessed be the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, the Father of mercies and God of all comfort, who comforts us in all our affliction, so that we may be able to comfort those who are in any affliction, with the comfort with which we ourselves are comforted by God. — 2 Corinthians 1:3-4 (ESV)

and

And I will pray the Father, and he shall give you another Comforter, that he may abide with you for ever.

...

But the Comforter, which is the Holy Ghost, whom the Father will send in my name, He shall teach you all things, and bring all things to your remembrance, whatsoever I have said unto you.

John 14:16,26 (KJV)

Paul Implies That the LORD (YHVH) Is the Spirit

Yes, to this day whenever Moses is read a veil lies over their hearts. But when one turns to the LORD (Deuteronomy 30:10; Psalm 22:27), the veil is removed.

Now the Lord is the Spirit, and where the Spirit of the Lord is, there is freedom. And we all, with unveiled face, beholding the glory of the Lord, are being transformed into the same image from one degree of glory to another. For this comes from the Lord who is the Spirit. — 2 Corinthians 3:15-18

John Implies That the Spirit Is God

For there are three that testify:

  • the Spirit and
  • the water and
  • the blood;

and these three agree. If we receive the testimony of men, the testimony of God is greater.

1 John 5:7-9 (ESV)

God is not water or blood, which implies that the Spirit is God.

Raised Jesus From the Dead

Paul stated that it was God the Father who raised Jesus from the dead:

Paul, an apostle - not from men nor through man, but through Jesus Christ and God the Father, who raised him from the dead... — Galatians 1:1 (ESV)

Peter stated that it was the Holy Spirit who raised Jesus from the dead:

For Christ also suffered once for sins, the righteous for the unrighteous, that he might bring us to God, being put to death in the flesh but made alive in the Spirit1 Peter 3:18 (ESV)

To reconcile these statements without contradiction, the Holy Spirit is understood to be the Spirit of God the Father.

Fellowship of the Holy Spirit

The grace of the Lord Jesus Christ and the love of God and the fellowship of the Holy Spirit be with you all. — 2 Corinthians 13:14 (ESV)

It might be no coincidence that Paul named God's love and the Holy Spirit's fellowship next to each other. While God loves believers, humanity does not have direct, unmediated access to Him. Consequently, believers require God's Spirit to experience fellowship with Him. Note that it is fellowship of the Holy Spirit and not fellowship with the Holy Spirit.

According to the New Testament, fellowship is enjoyed with both the Father and His Son:

That which we have seen and heard we proclaim also to you, so that you too may have fellowship with us; and indeed our fellowship is with the Father and with His Son Jesus Christ. — 1 John 1:3

Jesus did not mention the Holy Spirit in his prayer, because fellowship is with the Father and the Son. Unlike Paul, Jesus was praying to his Father, who already understood how the fellowship would be possible, so it was not necessary to mention that this fellowship would become possible through the Holy Spirit.

Holy Spirit as Third Trinity Member

Jesus Personifies the Holy Spirit

Nevertheless, I tell you the truth: it is to your advantage that I go away, for if I do not go away, the Helper will not come to you. But if I go, I will send him to you. And when he comes, he will convict the world concerning sin and righteousness and judgment:

  • concerning sin, because they do not believe in me;
  • concerning righteousness, because I go to the Father, and you will see me no longer;
  • concerning judgment, because the ruler of this world is judged.

I still have many things to say to you, but you cannot bear them now. When the Spirit of truth comes, he will guide you into all the truth, for he will not speak on his own authority, but whatever he hears he will speak, and he will declare to you the things that are to come. He will glorify me, for he will take what is mine and declare it to you. All that the Father has is mine; therefore I said that he will take what is mine and declare it to you.

John 16:7-15 (ESV)

The use of personal pronouns such as "he", "his", and "him" to refer to the Holy Spirit suggests that the Holy Spirit is a person. Furthermore, the Holy Spirit is described as having the ability to think, reason, and act on his own authority.

However, in John 15:26, Jesus says the Spirit proceeds from the Father”. This implies that the Spirit is not an independent person alongside God, but rather something coming from the Father.

The Greek word paraklētos (“Helper,” “Advocate,” “Comforter”) is masculine, so masculine pronouns naturally follow. This does not prove personhood. Wisdom, sin, death, and other abstract realities are also personified in Scripture.

John 16:13 says the Spirit “will not speak on his own authority.” This is difficult for the idea of a coequal divine person, but fits the Spirit as God’s operative presence communicating God’s will.

In John's own framework, he states a few verses later in the next chapter:

And this is eternal life, that they know you, the only true God, and Jesus Christ whom You have sent. — John 17:3 (ESV)

So Jesus's message is not about knowing three persons, but about two persons:

  1. God the Father and
  2. Jesus the Christ

Lying to the Holy Spirit

Often Trinitarians will point to Acts 5:3 with the argument that it is not possible to lie to an impersonal power:

But Peter said, “Ananias, why has Satan filled your heart to lie to the Holy Spirit and to keep back for yourself part of the proceeds of the land?

While it remained unsold, did it not remain your own? And after it was sold, was it not at your disposal? Why is it that you have conceived this deed in your heart? You have not lied to men but to God.

Acts 5:3-4 (ESV)

Unitarians address this argument by pointing out two main principles:

  • The Principle of Representation (Agency): In scripture, lying to, grumbling against, or rejecting God's spirit-filled representatives is treated as acting directly against God Himself, because they speak and act under the authority and power of His Spirit:
    • Moses was filled with God's Spirit (Numbers 11:17; Isaiah 63:11). When the Israelites grumbled against him, Moses declared, "Your grumblings are not against us but against the Lord" (Exodus 16:8).
    • Jesus was filled with God's Spirit (Luke 4:1,18; John 3:34). He warned that rejecting Him was rejecting the Father: "The one who rejects me rejects Him Who sent me" (Luke 10:16; John 12:44-45).
    • The Apostles were filled with the Holy Spirit to speak and act on God's behalf (Acts 2:4; Acts 4:8). Therefore, when Ananias lied to the Apostles, he was attempting to deceive people who were acting as the direct mouthpieces of the Holy Spirit. Lying to the Spirit-inspired representative is treated as lying to the Sender (God Himself).
  • The Analogy of a Person's Spirit: Just as a man's spirit is not a separate person from the man, God's Spirit is not a separate person from God. As Paul notes, "who knows a person’s thoughts except the spirit of that person, which is in him? So also no one comprehends the thoughts of God except the Spirit of God" (1 Corinthians 2:11). Lying to the Spirit of God is simply lying to God Himself, because the Spirit is His own inner presence, not a distinct person.

The Holy Spirit Speaks

And the Spirit said to Philip... — Acts 8:29 (ESV)

Luke was providing a testimony to Theophilus (Acts 1:1). Therefore Luke was telling Theophilus how Philip knew what he was to do. God was speaking to Philip through His Spirit.

The Holy Spirit's Intercession

Often Trinitarians will quote Paul to prove that the Holy Spirit is a separate person from God:

Likewise the Spirit helps us in our weakness. For we do not know what to pray for as we ought, but the Spirit himself intercedes for us with groanings too deep for words. — Romans 8:26 (ESV)

The reasoning is that God does not need an intercessor, and that the Spirit's intercession is proof that the Spirit is a separate person from God.

However, the Unitarian response is that in the context of the letter, Paul is speaking about the Spirit helping "us", the believers in our weakness, not about the Spirit's intercession before God. This is further eviden in verse 31:

What then shall we say to these things? If God is for us, who can be against us?

Romans 8:31 (ESV)

It is not a third person who is for us against God. It is God Himself Who is for us.

The Greek word is "huperentugchanó" and this is the only instance where this compound variation is used in the New Testament.

5241 hyperentygxánō (from 5228 /hypér, "for benefit" and 1793/entygxanō, "come in line with") – properly, to light upon (happen); literally, "bending over" to intercede, "confer benefit" (cf. R, 629). — HELPS Word-studies

This could be understood that it is God Himself, through His Spirit, helping our prayers to be aligned with His will.

The Holy Spirit's Personality

Often Trinitarians point out that the Holy Spirit has attributes of personality, such as:

  • A mind: "For the Spirit searches everything, even the depths of God." (1 Corinthians 2:10)
  • A will: "All these are empowered by one and the same Spirit, who apportions to each one individually as he wills." (1 Corinthians 12:11 / 12:4-7)

Unitarians respond that:

  • The Spirit is God's own mind/will: Just as a human's spirit has the thoughts and will of that human but is not a separate person, the Spirit of God is the Father's own mind and will at work.
  • Personification: Scripture frequently personifies non-personal things for literary effect. For example, Wisdom is described as having a voice and building a house (Proverbs 8-9). Similarly, Sin and Death are described as reigning like kings (Romans 5:14). Describing the Spirit as having a mind or will is simply a personification of God's active power.

Fellowship With the Holy Spirit

Often Trinitarians will quote Paul to prove that one cannot have "fellowship" with an impersonal power:

The grace of the Lord Jesus Christ and the love of God and the fellowship of the Holy Spirit be with you all. — 2 Corinthians 13:14 (ESV)

Unitarians interpret the same scripture as a blessing from Paul that implies he blesses his readers with:

  • grace of the Lord Jesus Christ (who extends grace for sin)
  • love of God (who loves His creation)
  • fellowship of the Holy Spirit (koinōnia in Greek, meaning sharing in common, enabled by God's Spirit in believers)

There is no evidence that Paul meant fellowship should be "with the Holy Spirit" instead of with God. Paul used the phrase "of the Holy Spirit" (participation/sharing in the Spirit, similar to the phrasing in Philippians 2:1).

Conclusion